Lev Vygostky´s Sociocultual Theory and Deanna Kahn´s...

A present time, there are many developmental theories, which cover cognitive, socio-emotional, and physical. Among those theorists, for the purpose of this post, I will be considering two of them. First, I will be reviewing the Russian psychologist Lev Vygostsky and his sociocultural theory. Next, I will be looking at Deanna Kuhn and the Metacognitive development theory. One of the psychologists who made a significant contribution and stimulated a lot of studies in addressing the cultural impact in human development was Vygostsky. He introduced the sociocultural theory, which focused on culture transmission from one generation to another. He also theorized with social interaction, children to acquire the way of thinking and behaving†¦show more content†¦The definition of metacognition has been broadened to thoughts about thoughts and affective states, motives, intentions and the ability to consciously and deliberately monitor and regulate one’s knowledge, processes, cognitive and affective states, motives and intentions (Papaleontiou-Louca, 2008). Kuhn believes that metacognition is a high level construct, which can be conceptualized in a developmental framework. Additionally during development young children, they develop capabilities of metaknowing that many adult do not master. Therefore in early age metacognitive achievements serve as foundations of higher order thinking in adulthood, which include scientific thinking (Kuhn, 2000). She believes that knowing have to have a purpose or a goal because the simple fact of knowing what you know does not have much impact on your knowledge unless that knowledge serves a purpose. So in this developmental framework, she suggested that there are two terms: metastrategic knowing which refers to metaknowing about procedural knowing. Metastrategic knowing can be then divided into metatask knowledge about task goals and metastrategic knowledge referring to strategies a person has available to meets the goals (Kuhn, 2000). Metastrategic and metacognitive are important because they provide an explanation to as to why cognitive development occurs or fails to occur. Additionally the metacognition development has laid foundations for contemporary theories of learning

Comparing Edna of Kate Chopins The Awakening and Nora of...

Comparing Edna of Kate Chopins The Awakening and Nora of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Kate Chopins work, The Awakening, and Henrik Ibsens play, A Dolls House, were written at a time when men dominated women in every aspect of life. Edna Pontellier, the protagonist in The Awakening, and Nora, the protagonist in A Dolls House, are trapped in a world dominated by men. The assumed superiority of their husbands traps them in their households. Edna and Nora share many similarities, yet differ from each other in many ways. Two main similarities of Edna and Nora are that they both have an awakening and are like caged birds without freedom; one main difference is that Edna lives in reality and Nora lives in a fantasy†¦show more content†¦When the saying is translated into English it means, Get out! Get out! Damn in!; the caged bird sends the message that Edna needs to get out of her marriage to make everything right in her life. Like Edna, Nora is reflected as a trapped bird. Nora, in A Dolls House, is constantly referred to as a bird by her husband, Helmer. As in the quote, And I couldnt wish you anything but just what you are, my sweet little lark (Ibsen 972). Helmer show his ownership of Nora and how she is his little bird. Unlike the image of a caged parrot, Nora is a bird trapped by the dominance of her husband. A second similarity is that Edna and Nora each had an awakening about her own marriage. Ednas awakening took place early in the novel, while Noras awakening occurred at the end of the play. The realization that she was not happy taking care of her husband, house or children began Ednas awakening. Represented by the quote, An indescribable oppression, which seemed to generate in some unfamiliar part of her consciousness, filled her whole being with a vague anguish (Chopin 14). Edna feels the entrapment of her marriage that has been present subconsciously, and it fills her mind and soul with pain and hurt. At the end of A Dolls House, Nora announces to her husband the need to leave the marriage due to the oppression caused by his power over her. Nora feels as though their marriage has never been a true marriage, and that Helmer and herself never truly knew

Information Security for ATM Machines †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Information Security for ATM Machines. Answer: Automated teller machine: ATM or the automated Teller machines are designed in a way that the customer will need a personal identification number or PIN and a dedicated card to access their bank account using the ATM machine. For any ATM card the most important is the PIN number to secure the account. For every user the PIN number is different and encrypted and to secure the PIN number the customer needs to take care of some important factors: To keep the account and the money secure confidentiality is the major factor that the customer needs to take care of. The user must not leak the ATM PIN to anyone to secure the money. The user must not write the PIN on the back of the card or anywhere. User must stay away from the spam calls that asks for the customers account number because the bank personal does not ask the PIN of the customer (Bachu, 2017). Data integrity is a way of securing the data from the unauthorized people, so the data cannot be modified or changed in any circumstances. The customer always expects that no accidental changes reflect on the record of the transaction. The integrity must be secured because the transaction is performed directly using the customer account. If the integrity is not maintained, then it can affect the customer account. A proper trusted platform module is used to maintain the integrity of the ATM machines. The ATM machines should available all the time for the customers all time. The ATM must be maintained properly to serve the customer whenever needed. Use of more ATM will increase the growth of the bank economically. All the ATMs must be at operational condition and in serviceable condition most of the times. More the self-banking increase more the customer base of the bank will be increased. PIN Combinations: As mentioned in the scenario that the thief already blocked 5 keys out of the 10 keys on the number pad, if the user PIN is from the rest of the intact 5 keys which are not damaged then there will be lots of permutations and combinations if the thief wants to debit money from the account. the calculation is (5!)/ (5! -4!) = (5*4*3*2*1)/ 1 = 120 The thief needs to try 120 different combination to get the correct pin to withdraw money from the ATM. Biometric Sensors: Biometric sensors are the modern-day innovation and widely used for providing security to the people. Bio metric technology use human body detection technology for the authentication. Several types of bio metric sensors are introduced in the recent years like iris scanner, fingerprint scanner, voice recognition or heart beat detectors (Eberz et al., 2017). These mentioned sensors are the most secure as for every human the properties are different and unique, so the chances of duplicate data are so less even we can say there will be no duplicate data. As the duplicate data is not there so persons security will be at the optimum level (Oko Oruh, 2012). Though there are lots of advantages of using biometric technology many people still reluctant to use biometric technology. Many people think that the information is leaked from the biometric and many people thinks that the government are keeping their personal data. In the banks customers are not in favour of using the finger print sens ors as the ATM card is used by a people who is closer of the person and if the biometric is there then no one except the customer can use the card therefore people are still refusing this technology in many cases. The fear of the false negative result is another reason why the people are reluctant of using the bio metric sensors. False negative is when the machine cannot recognise the authenticated user and rejects them. The false negative works in different way it can se seen as a good thing as the trust in the technology in increases the trust on the users or the users feels irritated by the system failure. Problems of using Bio metric: False negative and false positive are the main major problem regarding the biometric sensors that the people needs to keep in their mind. When the biometric sensor accepts the wrong input as right then the condition is called false positive condition. When the biometric sensor rejects the correct input as false then the condition is called as false negative condition. Many peoples data got lost due to the false positive condition. In some cases, hackers try to bypass the fingerprint sensor if then false positive condition happen then the user will be on huge trouble as all the personal information will be on stake (Ketab, Clarke Dowland, 2016). The false positive can happen due to some technical fault or for some other issues. If the sensitivity of the biometric sensor increased, then these kinds of unwanted condition can be avoided. The people must register themselves to the biometric after reading all the instructions carefully. When the biometric scanner throw-outs the right material stating as incorrect called the false negative circumstance. This is more perilous than the incorrect positive condition. In case of a emergency if this error happens then the authorised person to whom the bio metric was assigned fails to detect the user. When this happen in a case of some serious situation then there is scope for the user to unlock the system. In case of any emergency this can cause major troubles to the organisation and hence the organisation faces many losses. This problem is a very common problem in the modern day smart phones which has a inbuit finger print sensor which is a form of the biometric sensor. Many a times it is seen that the biometric sensors rejects the data of the authenticated user, this can cause serious problems at the times of any emergency. Supposing in a situation someone needs to call an ambulance then the in a case of the emergency but the bio metric sensors in the phone are not worki ng and taking false negative input. These problems are caused due to various problems like the echinococcal issue , sensing power of the sensors, minor software bugs , sometimes the fault is not only of the technology but the user does not read the full instructions before registering themselves to the biometric a result the input was not recorded properly and resulted these cases (Katz Lindell,2014). These problems can easily be eradicated by updating the technology of the bio metric scanners, introducing of new technologies had already removed this problem a lot. Other than this while registering the user must properly read the instructions and do the same. Caeser Cipher: Inverse order is one of the relaxed and most humble technique for decoding a cipher text. Encoded message is inverted in this method to get the actual text. So if the encoded message is elpmaxenasisiht becomes this is an example. this system uses the most to decipher a cipher text. Though there are more safe techniques are there than this (Martinovic et al ., 2016). For the given cipher text to decipher, the steps are given below: First note down the alphabet number. Subtract the number of alphabet from the shift key in sequence, that is for number 1 letter 2, for the number 2 letter 3 and the number 3 letter 4 and continuing (Okokpujie et al., 2016). 3rd is to subtract the general digit which is used for any cypher key that is 3 from the previous solution. The final step is locating the alphabet from the solution number. Text N T J W K H X K numeric value 14 20 10 23 11 8 24 11 Key 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 substitution cipher 12 17 6 21 8 4 22 8 cipher shift 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 cipher 9 14 3 18 5 1 19 5 Text I N C R E A S E Text A M K value 1 13 11 Key 4 2 3 cipher 23 11 8 cipher 3 3 3 cipher 20 8 5 Text T H E Text W W U J J Y Z T X value 23 23 21 10 10 25 26 20 24 Key 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 cipher 19 21 21 6 8 22 22 18 21 cipher 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 cipher 16 18 18 3 5 19 19 15 18 Text P R R C E S S O R Text M W K X Z K U H E value 13 23 11 24 26 11 21 8 5 Key 4 2 3 4 2 3 4 2 3 cipher 9 21 8 20 24 8 17 6 2 cipher 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 cipher 6 18 5 17 21 5 14 3 Text F R E Q U E N C Y Therefore, the decrypted basic text for the cypher NTJWKHXK AMK WWUJYZTX MWK XZKUHE is Increase the processor frequency. References Bachu, S. (2017). Three-step authentication for ATMs. Eberz, S., Rasmussen, K. B., Lenders, V., Martinovic, I. (2017, April). Evaluating behavioral biometrics for continuous authentication: Challenges and metrics. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (pp. 386-399). ACM. Katz, J., Lindell, Y. (2014). Introduction to modern cryptography. CRC press. Ketab, S. S., Clarke, N. L., Dowland, P. S. (2016). The Value of the Biometrics in Invigilated E-Assessments. Konheim, A. G. (2016). Automated teller machines: their history and authentication protocols. Journal of Cryptographic Engineering, 6(1), 1-29. Martinovic, I., Rasmussen, K., Roeschlin, M., Tsudik, G. (2017). Authentication using pulse-response biometrics. Communications of the ACM, 60(2), 108-115. Oko, S., Oruh, J. (2012). Enhanced ATM security system using biometrics.International Journal of Computer Science Issues,9(5), 355-363. Okokpujie, K., Olajide, F., John, S., Kennedy, C. G. (2016, January). Implementation of the enhanced fingerprint authentication in the ATM system using ATmega128. InProceedings of the International Conference on Security and Management (SAM)(p. 258). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp). Pandey, R. M., Verma, V. K. (2015). Data Security using Various Cryptography Techniques: A recent Survey. Sharma, A., Misra, P. K., Misra, P. (2014). A Security Measure for Electronic Business Applications. International Journal of Computer Applications,